 On
August 10, 1753, Edmund Randolph was born in Tazewell Hall,
Williamsburg, VA. His parents were Ariana Jenings and John Randolph.
Edmund attended the College of William and Mary and continued his
education by studying the law under his father's tutelage.
When the Revolution broke out, father and son
followed different paths. John Randolph, a Loyalist, followed the
royal governor, Lord Dunmore, to England, in 1775. Edmund then lived
with his uncle Peyton Randolph, a prominent figure in Virginia
politics. During the war Edmund served as an aide-de-camp to General
Washington and also attended the convention that adopted Virginia's
first state constitution in 1776. He was the convention's youngest
member at age 23. Randolph married Elizabeth Nicholas in 1776.
Randolph continued to advance in the
political world. He became mayor of Williamsburg and Virginia's
attorney-general. In 1779 he was elected to the Continental
Congress, and in November 1786 Randolph became Governor of Virginia.
In 1786 he was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention.
Four days after the opening of the federal
convention in Philadelphia, on May 29, 1787, Edmund Randolph
presented the Virginia Plan for creating a new government. This plan
proposed a strong central government composed of three branches,
legislative, executive, and judicial, and enabled the legislative to
veto state laws and use force against states that failed to fulfill
their duties. After many debates and revisions, including striking
the section permitting force against a state, the Virginia Plan
became in large part the basis of the Constitution.
Though Randolph introduced the highly
centralized Virginia Plan, he fluctuated between the Federalist and
Antifederalist points of view. He sat on the Committee of Detail
that prepared a draft of the Constitution, but by the time the
document was adopted, Randolph declined to sign. He felt it was not
sufficiently republican, and he was especially wary of creating a
one-man executive. He preferred a three-man council since he
regarded "a unity in the Executive" to be the "foetus of monarchy."
In a Letter . . . on the Federal Constitution, dated October 10,
1787, Randolph explained at length his objections to the
Constitution. The old Articles of Confederation were inadequate, he
agreed, but the proposed new plan of union contained too many flaws.
Randolph was a strong advocate of the process of amendment. He
feared that if the Constitution were submitted for ratification
without leaving the states the opportunity to amend it, the document
might be rejected and thus close off any hope of another plan of
union. However, he hoped that amendments would be permitted and
second convention called to incorporate the changes.
By the time of the Virginia convention for
ratification, Randolph supported the Constitution and worked to win
his state's approval of it. He stated his reason for his switch:
"The accession of eight states reduced our deliberations to the
single question of Union or no Union."
Under President Washington, Edmund Randolph
became Attorney General of the United States. After Thomas Jefferson
resigned as Secretary of State, Randolph assumed that post for the
years 1794-95. During the Jefferson-Hamilton conflict he tried to
remain unaligned. After retiring from politics in 1795, Randolph
resumed his law practice and was regarded as a leading figure in the
legal community. During his retirement he wrote a history of
Virginia. When Aaron Burr went on trial for treason in 1807, Edmund
Randolph acted as his senior counsel. In 1813, at age 60 and
suffering from paralysis, Randolph died while visiting Nathaniel
Burwell at Carter Hall. His body is buried in the graveyard of the
nearby chapel. |
